Robert Filmer thought that the idea of the “consent of the governed” would inevitably lead to anarchy (1680)

In the aftermath of the English Civil War which saw the execution of a king (1649), the creation of a Commonwealth, and then the restoration of the monarchy (1660), defenders of the monarchy published posthumously Sir Robert Filmer’s vigorous defense of the divine right of kings, Patriarcha; of the Natural Power of Kings (1680). This in turn prompted John Locke to write a riposte - part 1 of the Two Treatises of Government. During the 1640s Filmer had clashed with advocates of limited, constitutional monarchy during the period of the Civil Wars and Leveller resistance to the absolute powers of King Charles I. He attacked Philip Hunton’s A Treatise of Monarchy (1643) which had argued for a limited “mixed monarchy” in a pamphlet from 1648 The Anarchy of a Limited or Mixed Monarchy. Locke would take up the idea of the consent of the government in the second Treatise (written 1679-83, published 1690). What is particularly interesting in Filmer’s argument is that he clearly sees the somewhat arbitrary way in which “consent to be governed” was framed. Did it apply all people who lived on earth; did it only apply to people living in a particular state or geographical area; did it also apply to children and women; was consent given at only one moment in time or renewed at periodic intervals to be legitimate? And if not, then why not, he asked? Filmer’s criticism was that whatever boundary one drew around the group who gave their consent to be ruled, the logical result had to be either that some individuals were denied the right to choose who governed them, or that the process had to be continued until there was “a liberty of having as many Kings as there be men in the world” or in other words a form of “anarchy” had been established.