Sociology

About this Collection

How do human societies constitute themselves? How do they interact with one another? How do they preserve and change themselves? The study of sociology is the exploration of these questions.

Key People

Titles & Essays

An Autobiography, 2 vols. (1904)

Herbert Spencer (author)

A 2 volume work. In volume 1 Spencer talks about the period from his early childhood up to 1856 soon after he left work on The Economist and was working on his second book. In volume 2 he covers the period from 1856 to 1889 soon…

An Autobiography, vol. 1

Herbert Spencer (author)

Volume 1 of a 2 volume work. In volume 1 Spencer talks about the period from his early childhood up to 1856 soon after he left work on The Economist and was working on his second book.

An Autobiography, vol. 2

Herbert Spencer (author)

Volume 2 of a 2 volume work. In volume 2 Spencer covers the period from 1856 to 1889 soon after he had completed his trip to the United States.

BOLL 55: Herbert Spencer, “Political Retrospect and Prospect” (1882)

Herbert Spencer (author)

This is part of “The Best of the Online Library of Liberty” which is a collection of some of the most important material in the OLL. In this chapter…

BOLL 65: Destutt de Tracy, “Of Society” (1817)

Antoine Louis Claude, Comte Destutt de Tracy (author)

This is part of “The Best of the Online Library of Liberty” which is a collection of some of the most important material in the OLL. A thematic list…

BOLL 68: Ludwig von Mises, “Economic Calculation under Socialism” (1922)

Ludwig von Mises (author)

This is part of “The Best of the Online Library of Liberty” which is a collection of some of the most important material in the OLL. A thematic list…

BOLL 74: John Millar, “Circumstances which tend to increase the power of the Sovereign” (1771)

John Millar (author)

This is part of The OLL Reader: An Anthology of the Best of the OLL which is a collection of some of the most important material in the OLL. It is a…

Bureaucracy

Ludwig von Mises (author)

Originally published by Yale University Press in 1944, Bureaucracy is a classic fundamental examination of the nature of bureaucracies and free markets in juxtaposition to various political systems.

The Challenge of Facts and other Essays

William Graham Sumner (author)

A large collection of Sumner’s shorter writings, newspaper and magazine articles, speeches, etc. on socialism, economic growth, the social question, legislation, democracy, and sociology.

The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume X - Essays on Ethics, Religion, and Society

John Stuart Mill (author)

Vol. 10 of the 33 vol. Collected Works contains a number of Mill’s essays on religion and moral philosophy as well as his works on Utilitarianism and Auguste Comte.

The Data of Ethics (1879)

Herbert Spencer (author)

Spencer continues his exploration of individualist moral philosophy in this book. He examines the nature of human conduct, different ways in which conduct might be judged, the conflict between egoism and altruism, and what he calls…

Democracy in America. English Edition. 2 vols.

Alexis de Tocqueville (author)

A two volume English only version of Liberty Fund’s 4 volume bi-lingual critical edition. In 1831, Alexis de Tocqueville and his friend Gustave de Beaumont visited the United States. From Tocqueville’s copious notes of what he had…

Democracy in America. English Edition. Vol. 1

Alexis de Tocqueville (author)

Volume 1 of a two volume English only version of Liberty Fund’s 4 volume bi-lingual critical edition. In 1831, Alexis de Tocqueville and his friend Gustave de Beaumont visited the United States. From Tocqueville’s copious notes of…

Democracy in America. English Edition. Vol. 2.

Alexis de Tocqueville (author)

Volume 2 of a two volume English only version of Liberty Fund’s 4 volume bi-lingual critical edition. In 1831, Alexis de Tocqueville and his friend Gustave de Beaumont visited the United States. From Tocqueville’s copious notes of…

Democracy in America: Historical-Critical Edition, 4 vols. (LF ed. 2010)

Alexis de Tocqueville (author)

A new 4 volume edition of Tocqueville’s classic text De la Démocratie en Amérique. The Liberty Fund bilingual edition includes Eduardo Nolla’s historical-critical edition of the French text and notes on the lefthand pages and James…

Democracy in America: Historical-Critical Edition, vol. 1

Alexis de Tocqueville (author)

A new 4 volume edition of Tocqueville’s classic text De la Démocratie en Amérique. The original was published in two large volumes, the first in 1835, the second in 1840. The first volume focused primarily on political society; the…

Democracy in America: Historical-Critical Edition, vol. 2

Alexis de Tocqueville (author)

A new 4 volume edition of Tocqueville’s classic text De la Démocratie en Amérique. The original was published in two large volumes, the first in 1835, the second in 1840. The first volume focused primarily on political society; the…

Democracy in America: Historical-Critical Edition, vol. 3

Alexis de Tocqueville (author)

A new 4 volume edition of Tocqueville’s classic text De la Démocratie en Amérique. The original was published in two large volumes, the first in 1835, the second in 1840. The first volume focused primarily on political society; the…

Democracy in America: Historical-Critical Edition, vol. 4

Alexis de Tocqueville (author)

A new 4 volume edition of Tocqueville’s classic text De la Démocratie en Amérique. The original was published in two large volumes, the first in 1835, the second in 1840. The first volume focused primarily on political society; the…

De la Démocratie en Amérique, 4 vols. (12th ed. 1848)

Alexis de Tocqueville (author)

A revised and corrected 12th edition in French of Tocqueville’s famous analysis of the nature and consequences of democracy in the American Republic. In 4 vols.

De la Démocratie en Amérique, vol. 1

Alexis de Tocqueville (author)

Vol. 1 of 4 vols. A revised and corrected 12th edition in French of Tocqueville’s famous analysis of the nature and consequences of democracy in the American Republic.

De la Démocratie en Amérique, vol. 2

Alexis de Tocqueville (author)

Vol. 2 of 4 vols. A revised and corrected 12th edition in French of Tocqueville’s famous analysis of the nature and consequences of democracy in the American Republic.

De la Démocratie en Amérique, vol. 3

Alexis de Tocqueville (author)

Vol. 3 of 4 vols. A revised and corrected 12th edition in French of Tocqueville’s famous analysis of the nature and consequences of democracy in the American Republic.

De la Démocratie en Amérique, vol. 4

Alexis de Tocqueville (author)

Vol. 4 of 4 vols. A revised and corrected 12th edition in French of Tocqueville’s famous analysis of the nature and consequences of democracy in the American Republic.

Earth-Hunger and Other Essays (1913)

William Graham Sumner (author)

This is the first of four volumes of essays by Sumner published by Yale University Press after his death in 1910. It includes a series of 15 essays about liberty which he wrote between 1887 and 1889, along with several important…

Epistemological Problems of Economics (1933, 2013)

Ludwig von Mises (author)

Epistemological Problems of Economics presents Ludwig von Mises’s views on the logical and epistemological features of social interpretation as well as his argument that the Austrian theory of value is the core element of a general…

An Essay on the History of Civil Society

Adam Ferguson (author)

A pioneering work of the Scottish Enlightenment in the field of “philosophical history”, or what we would today call sociology. It deals with the social, political, economic, intellectual, and legal changes which accompanied…

Essays: Scientific, Political and Speculative, 3 vols. (1891)

Herbert Spencer (author)

A three volume collection of Spencer’s essays which cover political philosophy, sociology, science, and current affairs.

Essays: Scientific, Political and Speculative, Vol. 1

Herbert Spencer (author)

Volume 1 of a three volume collection of Spencer’s essays which cover political philosophy, sociology, science, and current affairs.

Essays: Scientific, Political, and Speculative, vol. 3

Herbert Spencer (author)

Volume 3 of a three volume collection of Spencer’s essays which cover political philosophy, sociology, science, and current affairs.

First Principles (1867)

Herbert Spencer (author)

Spencer attempts a synthesis of his thought and expounds the first systematic theory of evolution in this work.

The Forgotten Man and Other Essays (corrected edition)

William Graham Sumner (author)

24 essays and papers on topics ranging from protection, gold and silver currency, commercial crises, strikes, sociology, and education.

In Pursuit: Of Happiness and Good Government

Charles Murray (author)

In Pursuit: Of Happiness and Good Government begins by examining James Madison’s statement: “A good government implies two things; first, fidelity to the object of government, which is the happiness of the people; secondly, a…

Ireland: Social, Political, and Religious, 2 vols. (1839)

Gustave de Beaumont (author)

A 2 volume work on the history and current economic and political problems of Ireland. Vol. 1 contains the historical section and his analysis of the Irish aristocracy. Vol. 2 continues Beaumont’s discussion of the Irish aristocracy.…

Ireland: Social, Political, and Religious, vol. 1 (1839)

Gustave de Beaumont (author)

Volume 1 of a 2 volume work on the history and current economic and political problems of Ireland. Vol. 1 contains the historical section and his analysis of the Irish aristocracy. This books seems to have been hastily translated…

Ireland: Social, Political, and Religious, vol. 2 (1839)

Gustave de Beaumont (author)

Volume 2 of a 2 volume work on the history and current economic and political problems of Ireland. Vol. 2 continues Beaumont’s discussion of the Irish aristocracy. This book seems to have been hastily translated into English in the…

L’Irlande sociale, politique, réligieuse, 2 vols

Gustave de Beaumont (author)

The original French edition of Beaumont’s 2 volume work on the history and social and political structure of Ireland. This contains the footnotes which are missing from the English translation.

L’Irlande sociale, politique, réligieuse, vol. 1

Gustave de Beaumont (author)

Volume 1 of the original French edition of Beaumont’s 2 volume work on the history and social and political structure of Ireland. Vol. 1 contains the lengthy historical introduction and his analysis of the civil, political, and…

L’Irlande sociale, politique, réligieuse, vol. 2

Gustave de Beaumont (author)

Volume 2 of the original French edition of Beaumont’s 2 volume work on the history and social and political structure of Ireland. Vol. 2 contains a discussion of political changes in Ireland and the need to abolish the aristocracy.…

Justice: Being Part IV of the Principles of Ethics (1891)

Herbert Spencer (author)

Spencer’s most developed version of his political philosophy which grounds his theory of the state on an idea of justice based on certain rights of physical integrity, movement, property, and exchange. He then expands this theory to…

David M. Hart, “Classical Liberalism and the Problem of Class” (Nov. 2016)

David M. Hart (author)

This online discussion is part of the series “Liberty Matters: A Forum for the Discussion of Matters pertaining to Liberty.”

Liberty Matters: Herbert Spencer’s Sociology of the State (Nov. 2014)

George H. Smith (author)

The English sociologist and individualist political philosopher Herbert Spencer has been either completely neglected or badly misinterpreted by scholars for over one hundred years. In this discussion George Smith explores an…

The Man versus the State (1885 ed.)

Herbert Spencer (author)

A facsimile edition of the four essays that Spencer published as The Man Versus the State in 1884. Spencer develops various specific disastrous ramifications of the wholesale substitution of the principle of compulsory cooperation -…

Methods of Social Reform and Other Papers

William Stanley Jevons (author)

A collection of Jevon’s papers and addresses on topics as diverse as public libraries and museums, trade societies and partnerships, married women in factories, cruelty to animals, and the post office and railways.

THE READING ROOM

OLL’s April Birthday: Herbert Spencer (April 27, 1820 – December 8, 1903)

By: Peter Carl Mentzel

April’s Birthday Essay is in honor of Herbert Spencer, a British polymath who was probably the most widely read intellectual in history, and who enjoyed tremendous fame during his lifetime, only to be largely forgotten after his…

THE READING ROOM

OLL’s March Birthday: Franz Oppenheimer (March 30, 1864-September 30, 1843)

By: Peter Carl Mentzel

This month’s featured birthday anniversary is that of the German sociologist Franz Oppenheimer, best known for his work on the sociology of the State, which subsequently became tremendously influential among anarchist and…
The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks

John Millar (author)

The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks is one of the major products of the Scottish Enlightenment and a masterpiece of jurisprudence and social theory. Millar developed a progressive account of the nature of authority in society by…

The Origins of Contemporary France: The Modern Regime, vol. I

Hippolyte Taine (author)

The 1st volume of Hippolyte Taine’s 2 volume history of the Modern Regime which is part of his history of modern France, The Origins of Contemporary France. This volume deals with the state created by Napoleon and how it evolved…

Outlines of an historical view of the progress of the human mind

Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet (author)

Condorcet wrote this while in prison awaiting execution by the Jacobins. It is an optimistic view of the progress the human race will undergo when political and economic liberty are gradually introduced.

Political Institutions, being Part V of the Principles of Sociology

Herbert Spencer (author)

This is part of Spencer’s most extensive treatment of sociology, The Principles of Sociology. It is the section dealing with the nature of political institutions such as political heads like chiefs and kings, consultative bodies, the…

The Present Age

Robert A. Nisbet (author)

Nisbet examines the role of the United States in the world since World War I focusing on the threats that the unprecedented militarization of American life in the decades after 1914, bureaucracy, centralization, and creeping…

The Principles of Sociology, 3 vols. (1898)

Herbert Spencer (author)

This is a 3 vol. set of the third revised edition of Herbert Spencer’s magnum opus on sociology which was first published in 1876.

The Principles of Sociology, vol. 1 (1898)

Herbert Spencer (author)

Volume 1 of a three volume set. This volume covers the scope and methodology of sociology, the nature of society, and domestic institutions such as the family, women, and children.

The Principles of Sociology, vol. 2 (1898)

Herbert Spencer (author)

This is vol. 2 of the third revised edition of Herbert Spencer’s magnum opus on sociology which was first published in 1876. Here, he covers “ceremonial” institutions and political institutions (with his famous distinction between…

The Principles of Sociology, vol. 3 (1898)

Herbert Spencer (author)

This is vol. 3 of the third revised edition of Herbert Spencer’s magnum opus on sociology which was first published in 1876. Here, he discusses ecclesiastical institutions, professional institutions, and “industrial” (or economic)…

Retrospect of Western Travel, 3 vols.

Harriet Martineau (author)

After her trip to American in 1834-36, Martineau wrote a perceptive analysis of social and economic conditions in the U.S.

Retrospect of Western Travel, vol. 1

Harriet Martineau (author)

After her trip to American in 1834-36, Martineau wrote a perceptive analysis of social and economic conditions in the U.S.

Retrospect of Western Travel, vol. 2

Harriet Martineau (author)

After her trip to American in 1834-36, Martineau wrote a perceptive analysis of social and economic conditions in the U.S.

Retrospect of Western Travel, vol. 3

Harriet Martineau (author)

After her trip to American in 1834-36, Martineau wrote a perceptive analysis of social and economic conditions in the U.S.

The Ruins: or a Survery of the Revolutions of Empires

Constantin-François Chasseboeuf, Marquis de Volney (author)

Volney’s best known work deals with the origins of human society, of government and laws, the evolution of society, and the reasons for the decline and fall of empires.

Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis

Ludwig von Mises (author)

This is a newly annotated edition of the classic first published in German in 1922. It is the definitive refutation of nearly every type of socialism ever devised. Mises presents a wide-ranging analysis of society, comparing the…

The State

Franz Oppenheimer (author)

A pioneering historical analysis of the state from a sociological perspective which focuses on the changing nature of political power and the groups who wielded this power. One of his key insights is the distinction between the…

The Study of Sociology (1873)

Herbert Spencer (author)

Spencer was one of the pioneers of the discipline of sociology. This is is a survey of the topic and one his innovations was the application of the idea of natural selection to the survival of groups and institutional arrangements.

Sumner: A Sketch

Related Links:

William Graham Sumner

Source: Editors' Introduction to Sumner's The Challenge of Facts and other Essays, ed. Albert Galloway Keller (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1914).

SKETCH OF WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER1
The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions

Thorstein Veblen (author)

A pioneering work of sociology in which the nature of the ruling elite was explored.

War and Other Essays

Albert Galloway Keller (editor)

One of several collections of Sumner’s essays which were published in the early 20th century. This volume contains his famous essay on the Spanish-American War.

What Social Classes Owe to Each Other

William Graham Sumner (author)

Sumner was one of the founding fathers of American sociology who explored the relationship between the individual and the state from an individualist and free market perspective. This collection of essays is a good example of his…

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Quotes

War & Peace

Herbert Spencer argued that in a militant type of society the state would become more centralised and administrative, as compulsory education clearly showed (1882)

Herbert Spencer

Natural Rights

Herbert Spencer concludes from his principle of equal freedom that individuals have the Right to Ignore the State (1851)

Herbert Spencer

Origin of Government

Herbert Spencer makes a distinction between the “militant type of society” based upon violence and the “industrial type of society” based upon peaceful economic activity (1882)

Herbert Spencer

The State

Herbert Spencer notes that traditionally the growth in government revenue has come about because of war (1882)

Herbert Spencer

Class

Herbert Spencer observes that class structures emerge in societies as a result of war and violence (1882)

Herbert Spencer

Society

Herbert Spencer on customs which are the result of human action but not of deliberate design (1876)

Herbert Spencer

Property Rights

Herbert Spencer on human nature and the right to property (1851)

Herbert Spencer

Liberty

Herbert Spencer on the prospects for liberty (1882)

Herbert Spencer

Natural Rights

Herbert Spencer on the right of political and economic “dissenters” to have their different beliefs and practices respected by the state (1842)

Herbert Spencer

Economics

Spencer on spontaneous order produced by “the beneficent working of social forces” (1879)

Herbert Spencer

Parties & Elections

Spencer on voting as a poor instrument for protecting our rights to life, liberty, and property (1879)

Herbert Spencer

Parties & Elections

Spencer on voting in elections as a screen behind which the wirepullers turn the sovereign people into a puppet (1882)

Herbert Spencer

War & Peace

Sumner and the Conquest of the United States by Spain (1898)

William Graham Sumner

Socialism & Interventionism

Sumner criticizes the competing vested interests and the role of legislators in the “new democratic State” (1887)

William Graham Sumner

Economics

Sumner on the industrial system as an example of social co-operation (c. 1900)

William Graham Sumner

The State

Sumner on the legalization of robbery by the State (1883)

William Graham Sumner

Politics & Liberty

Tocqueville on centralization as the natural form of government for democracies (1835)

Alexis de Tocqueville

The State

Tocqueville on the absence of government in America (1835)

Alexis de Tocqueville

Presidents, Kings, Tyrants, & Despots

Tocqueville on the form of despotism the government would assume in democratic America (1840)

Alexis de Tocqueville

Politics & Liberty

Tocqueville on the spirit of association (1835)

Alexis de Tocqueville

War & Peace

William Graham Sumner denounced America’s war against Spain and thought that “war, debt, taxation, diplomacy, a grand governmental system, pomp, glory, a big army and navy, lavish expenditures, political jobbery” would result in imperialsm (1898)

William Graham Sumner

Food & Drink

William Graham Sumner on how “society” helps the drunkard in the gutter (1883)

William Graham Sumner

Class

William Graham Sumner on the political corruption which is “jobbery” (1884)

William Graham Sumner

War & Peace

William Graham Sumner on the racism which lies behind Imperialism (1898)

William Graham Sumner

Taxation

William Graham Sumner reminds us never to forget the “Forgotten Man”, the ordinary working man and woman who pays the taxes and suffers under government regulation (1883)

William Graham Sumner

Notes About This Collection

See also the extracts, chapters, and introductions in the Sociology section of the Ideas page.